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<title>NewSQL</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">NewSQL</span></span>

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<p><b>NewSQL</b> is a class of <a href="Relational_database_management_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Relational database management system">relational</a> <a href="Database_management_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Database management system">database management systems</a> that seek to provide the scalability of <a href="NoSQL" title="NoSQL">NoSQL</a> systems for <a href="Online_transaction_processing" title="Online transaction processing">online transaction processing</a> (OLTP) workloads while maintaining the <a href="ACID" title="ACID">ACID</a> guarantees of a traditional database system.<sup id="cite_ref-aslett2012_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aslett2012-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sigmodrecord_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sigmodrecord-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-highscalability_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-highscalability-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Many <a href="Enterprise_software#Enterprise_systems" title="Enterprise software">enterprise systems</a> that handle high-profile data (e.g., financial and order processing systems) are too large for conventional relational databases, but have <a href="Database_transaction" title="Database transaction">transactional</a> and consistency requirements that are not practical for NoSQL systems.<sup id="cite_ref-aslett2010_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aslett2010-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only options previously available for these organizations were to either purchase more powerful computers or to develop custom <a href="Middleware" title="Middleware">middleware</a> that distributes requests over conventional <a href="DBMS" class="mw-redirect" title="DBMS">DBMS</a>. Both approaches feature high infrastructure costs and/or development costs. NewSQL systems attempt to reconcile the conflicts.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>The term was first used by <a href="451_Group" title="451 Group">451 Group</a> analyst Matthew Aslett in a 2011 research paper discussing the rise of a new generation of database management systems.<sup id="cite_ref-aslett2010_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aslett2010-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the first NewSQL systems was the <a href="H-Store" title="H-Store">H-Store</a> <a href="Parallel_database" title="Parallel database">parallel database system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2></div>

<p>Typical applications are characterized by heavy <a href="Online_transaction_processing" title="Online transaction processing">OLTP</a> transaction volumes. OLTP transactions;

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<ul><li>are short-lived (i.e., no user stalls)</li>

<li>touch small amounts of data per transaction</li>

<li>use indexed lookups (no table scans)</li>

<li>have a small number of forms (a small number of queries with different arguments).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<p>However, some support <a href="Hybrid_transactional/analytical_processing" title="Hybrid transactional/analytical processing">hybrid transactional/analytical processing</a> (HTAP) applications. Such systems improve performance and scalability by omitting heavyweight <a href="Algorithms_for_Recovery_and_Isolation_Exploiting_Semantics" title="Algorithms for Recovery and Isolation Exploiting Semantics">recovery</a> or <a href="Concurrency_control" title="Concurrency control">concurrency control</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_NewSQL-databases">List of NewSQL-databases</h2></div>

<ul><li><a href="Apache_Trafodion" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache Trafodion">Apache Trafodion</a></li>

<li><a href="Clustrix" title="Clustrix">Clustrix</a></li>

<li><a href="CockroachDB" title="CockroachDB">CockroachDB</a></li>

<li><a href="Couchbase" class="mw-redirect" title="Couchbase">Couchbase</a></li>

<li><a href="CrateDB" title="CrateDB">CrateDB</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Spanner" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Spanner">Google Spanner</a></li>

<li><a href="MySQL_Cluster" title="MySQL Cluster">MySQL Cluster</a></li>

<li><a href="NuoDB" title="NuoDB">NuoDB</a></li>

<li><a href="Pivotal_GemFire" class="mw-redirect" title="Pivotal GemFire">Pivotal GemFire</a> XD</li>

<li><a href="SequoiaDB" title="SequoiaDB">SequoiaDB</a></li>

<li><a href="SingleStore" title="SingleStore">SingleStore</a> was formerly known as MemSQL.</li>

<li><a href="TIBCO_Software#Products" title="TIBCO Software">TIBCO Active Spaces</a></li>

<li><a href="TokuDB" title="TokuDB">TokuDB</a></li>

<li><a href="TransLattice" title="TransLattice">TransLattice</a> Elastic Database</li>

<li><a href="VoltDB" title="VoltDB">VoltDB</a></li>

<li><a href="YugabyteDB" title="YugabyteDB">YugabyteDB</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2></div>

<p>The two common distinguishing features of NewSQL database solutions are that they support online scalability of NoSQL databases and the <a href="Relational_model" title="Relational model">relational data model</a> (including ACID consistency) using <a href="SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a> as their primary interface.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>NewSQL systems can be loosely grouped into three categories:<sup id="cite_ref-sigmodrecord_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sigmodrecord-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_architectures">New architectures</h3></div>

<p>NewSQL systems adopt various internal architectures. Some systems employ a cluster of <a href="Shared_nothing_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Shared nothing architecture">shared-nothing</a> nodes, in which each node manages a subset of the data. They include components such as <a href="Distributed_concurrency_control" title="Distributed concurrency control">distributed concurrency control</a>, flow control, and distributed query processing.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SQL_engines">SQL engines</h3></div>

<p>The second category are optimized <a href="Database_engine" title="Database engine">storage engines</a> for <a href="SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a>. These systems provide the same programming interface as SQL, but scale better than built-in engines.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transparent_sharding">Transparent sharding</h3></div>

<p>These systems automatically split databases across multiple nodes using <a href="Raft_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Raft (computer science)">Raft</a> or <a href="Paxos_(computer_science)" title="Paxos (computer science)">Paxos</a> consensus algorithm.

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<ul><li><a href="Transaction_processing" title="Transaction processing">Transaction processing</a></li>

<li><a href="Partition_(database)" title="Partition (database)">Partition (database)</a></li>

<li><a href="DRDA" title="DRDA">Distributed Relational Database Architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Distributed_SQL" title="Distributed SQL">Distributed SQL</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><div id="Database_management_systems327" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Database" title="Database">Database management systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Object_database" title="Object database">Object-oriented</a>

<ul><li><a href="Comparison_of_object_database_management_systems" title="Comparison of object database management systems">comparison</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Relational_database" title="Relational database">Relational</a>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_relational_database_management_systems" title="Comparison of relational database management systems">comparison</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Key%E2%80%93value_database" title="Key–value database">Key–value</a></li>

<li><a href="Column-oriented_DBMS" class="mw-redirect" title="Column-oriented DBMS">Column-oriented</a>

<li><a href="Document-oriented_database" title="Document-oriented database">Document-oriented</a></li>

<li><a href="Wide-column_store" title="Wide-column store">Wide-column store</a></li>

<li><a href="Graph_database" title="Graph database">Graph</a></li>

<li><a href="NoSQL" title="NoSQL">NoSQL</a></li>

<li><a href="In-memory_database" title="In-memory database">In-memory</a>

<li><a href="Multi-model_database" title="Multi-model database">Multi-model</a>

<ul><li><a href="Comparison_of_multi-model_databases" title="Comparison of multi-model databases">comparison</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cloud_database" title="Cloud database">Cloud</a></li>

<li><a href="Blockchain-based_database" title="Blockchain-based database">Blockchain-based database</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Database" title="Database">Database</a></li>

<li><a href="Armstrong's_axioms" title="Armstrong's axioms">Armstrong's axioms</a></li>

<li><a href="Codd's_12_rules" title="Codd's 12 rules">Codd's 12 rules</a></li>

<li><a href="CAP_theorem" title="CAP theorem">CAP theorem</a></li>

<li><a href="Candidate_key" title="Candidate key">Candidate key</a></li>

<li><a href="Foreign_key" title="Foreign key">Foreign key</a></li>

<li><a href="PACELC_design_principle" title="PACELC design principle">PACELC design principle</a></li>

<li><a href="Superkey" title="Superkey">Superkey</a></li>

<li><a href="Surrogate_key" title="Surrogate key">Surrogate key</a></li>

<li><a href="Unique_key" title="Unique key">Unique key</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Relation_(database)" title="Relation (database)">Relation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Table_(database)" title="Table (database)">table</a></li>

<li><a href="Column_(database)" title="Column (database)">column</a></li>

<li><a href="Database_transaction" title="Database transaction">Transaction</a></li>

<li><a href="Transaction_log" title="Transaction log">Transaction log</a></li>

<li><a href="Database_trigger" title="Database trigger">Trigger</a></li>

<li><a href="Database_index" title="Database index">Index</a></li>

<li><a href="Stored_procedure" title="Stored procedure">Stored procedure</a></li>

<li><a href="Cursor_(databases)" title="Cursor (databases)">Cursor</a></li>

<li><a href="Partition_(database)" title="Partition (database)">Partition</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Concurrency_control" title="Concurrency control">Concurrency control</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_dictionary" title="Data dictionary">Data dictionary</a></li>

<li><a href="Query_language" title="Query language">Query language</a></li>

<li><a href="Query_optimization" title="Query optimization">Query optimizer</a></li>

<li><a href="Query_Rewriting" class="mw-redirect" title="Query Rewriting">Query rewriting system</a></li>

<li><a href="Query_plan" title="Query plan">Query plan</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Functions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Database_administration" title="Database administration">Administration</a></li>

<li><a href="Query_optimization" title="Query optimization">Query optimization</a></li>

<li><a href="Replication_(computing)#DATABASE" title="Replication (computing)">Replication</a></li>

<li><a href="Shard_(database_architecture)" title="Shard (database architecture)">Sharding</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Database_model" title="Database model">Database models</a></li>

<li><a href="Database_normalization" title="Database normalization">Database normalization</a></li>

<li>Database storage</li>

<li><a href="Distributed_database" title="Distributed database">Distributed database</a></li>

<li><a href="Federated_database_system" title="Federated database system">Federated database system</a></li>

<li><a href="Referential_integrity" title="Referential integrity">Referential integrity</a></li>

<li><a href="Relational_algebra" title="Relational algebra">Relational algebra</a></li>

<li><a href="Relational_calculus" title="Relational calculus">Relational calculus</a></li>

<li><a href="Relational_model" title="Relational model">Relational model</a></li>

<li><a href="Object%E2%80%93relational_database" title="Object–relational database">Object–relational database</a></li>

<li><a href="Transaction_processing" title="Transaction processing">Transaction processing</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"></span></span> <a href="Outline_of_databases" title="Outline of databases">Outline</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-02-22" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=NewSQL&oldid=1277080896">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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